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4 


CONNECTICUT 


AGRICULTURAL  EXPEEIMEHI  STATION 


NEW     HAVEN,    CONN. 


BULLETIN  131,  NOVEMBER,   1900. 


The  Protection  of  Shade  Trees  in  Towns  and  Cities. 


CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    131. 


Notice  as  to  Bulletins. 

The  Bulletins  of  this  Station  are  mailed  free  to  citizens  of 
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is  new  or  of  permanent  value,  will  be  made  part  of  the  Annual 
Report  of  the  Station  Staff. 

All  Bulletins  earlier  than  No.  71  and  Nos.  72,  83,  86,  93,  98, 
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and  cannot  be  supplied. 

Notice  as  to  Supply  of  Station  Reports. 

The  Station  has  no  supply  of  its  Annual  Reports  for  the  years 
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(Pt.  II.),  1894  (Pt.  I.),  and  1895  (Pts.  I.  and  II.). 

The  Annual  Report  of  this  Station,  printed  at  State  expense, 
is  by  law  limited  to  an  edition  of  7,000  copies. 

After  exchanging  with  other  Experiment  Stations  and  Agri- 
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by  communicating  with  the  Director. 


PROTECTION    OF    SHADE   TREES. 


THE  PROTECTION  OF  SHADE  TREES. 

In  September  of  the  present  year,  Mayor  Cornelius  T.  Driscoll 
of  the  City  of  New  Haven  called  a  meeting  of  citizens  who 
were  interested  in  the  preservation  of  the  city  shade  trees  and 
who  had  special  knowledge  of  the  subject,  to  confer  regarding 
the  unsatisfactory  condition  of  the  trees. 

This  meeting  resulted  in  the  appointment  of  a  committee 
consisting  of  the  following  members :  His  Honor  Mayor  C.  T. 
Driscoll,  Chairman;  Henry  T.  Blake,  President  of  the  New 
Haven  Park  Commission ;  Philip  Hugo,  Director  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Public  Works ;  John  J.  Brennan,  Superintendent  of 
Streets;  Ex-Mayor  J.  B.  Sargent;  Ex- Alderman  Felix  Chil- 
lingworth ;  Prof.  W.  H.  Brewer  of  Yale  University ;  Prof. 
Henry  S.  Graves,  Director  of  the  Yale  Forest  School;  Dr.  E. 
H.  Jenkins,  Director  of  the  Connecticut  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station,  and  W.  E.  Britton,  Horticulturist  of  the  Station. 

A  sub-committee,  consisting  of  Dr.  Jenkins,  Chairman;  Prof. 
Graves,  Mr.  Britton  and  Mr.  Blake,  was  appointed  and 
requested  to  further  study  the  matter  and  prepare  a  full  report 
of  their  findings. 

The  main  body  of  this  Bulletin  consists  of  the  Report  of  the 
sub-committee,  which  was  adopted  by  the  general  committee, 
and  presented  to  Mayor  Driscoll. 

This  report  in  its  main  features  is,  however,  applicable  to 
most  of  the  cities,  towns  and  villages  of  this  State. 

In  every  one  of  them  may  be  found  the  same  mutilations  by 
vandals,  the  same  evidence  of  lack  of  care  and  skill  in  planting, 
pruning  and  trimming  and  the  same  insect  enemies. 

In  many  of  them  too,  may  be  found  an  increasing  respect  for 
shade  trees,  a  desire  for  their  better  protection  and  more  active 
interest  in  tree-planting. 

In  view  of  these  facts  and  of  the  fact  that  much  of  the  work 
on  this  Report  was  done  by  members  of  the  Station  staff,  it 
is  altogether  proper  that  the  Station  should  bring  the  results  of 
this  work  to  the  attention  of  those  individuals  and  communities 
which  are  reached  by  its  bulletins. 


4  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    131. 

In  the  smallest  village,  as  well  as  in  the  largest  city,  trees  can 
only  be  protected  by  the  creation  of  an  intelligent  public  senti- 
ment on  the  subject.  Small  villages  can  more  easily  produce 
and  maintain  exceptionally  fine  shade  trees  than  can  cities,  where 
"modern  improvements"  do  so  much  to  damage  them,  and  few 
material  things  add  more  to  the  attractiveness  of  small  country 
places  and  their  value  to  those  who  are  seeking  temporary  or 
permanent  homes,  than  well-shaded  and  well-kept  streets. 

In  regard  to  the  illustrations  herein  presented,  Figs.  7,  8  and 
9  of  Plate  IV,  and  Plates  VII  and  VIII,  are  from  electrotypes 
kindly  supplied  by  Dr.  E.  P.  Felt,  State  Entomologist  of  New 
York.  Fig.  17,  Plate  IX,  was  used  in  Bulletin  121  of  this  Station, 
1895,  by  permission  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Figure  16,  Plate  IX,  was  published  in  the  Report  of  this  Sta- 
tion for  1896,  from  an  original  photograph. 

All  others  are  from  original  photographs  taken  in  the  streets 
of  New  Haven  and  are  fair  examples  of  certain  present  condi- 
tions mentioned  in  the  following  report. 


PROTECTION    OF    SHADE   TREES.  5 

REPORT  ON  THE  SHADE  TREES  OF  NEW  HAVEN. 

Synopsis. 

Page 

Present  Condition  of  the  Trees 6 

Causes  of  their  Condition  7 

Old  Age  7 

Lack  of  Air  and  Water  about  the  Roots 7 

Lack  of  Plant  Food  7 

Mutilations  of  the  Trees 8 

Gnawing  by  Horses   8 

Necessary  Cutting  of  Roots   9 

Unskillful  Trimming 9 

Chafing  of  Wires  10 

Wind  Storms 10 

Poisoning  by  Illuminating  Gas    10 

Insect  Injuries 10 

Leaf-eating  Insects 10 

Elm-Leaf  Beetle  10 

Canker  Worms  11 

Sucking  Insects 12 

Elm  Scale : 12 

Cottony  Maple  Scale   12 

Borers    13 

Maple  Borer    13 

Elm  Borer 13 

Lack  of  Knowledge  and  Care  in  Planting 13 

Poor  Nursery  Stock 14 

Lack  of  Judgment  in  Selecting  Stock  14 

Unwise  Location  of  Trees    15 

Improper    Planting    15 

Lack  of  Care  after  Planting 15 

Electric  Currents  from  Feed  Wires  IS 

What  can  be  done  to  protect  shade  trees  against  injuries  from  the 
following  causes : 

Old  Age  16 

Lack  of  Air  and  Water  about  the  Roots 16 

Lack  of  Plant  Food  17 

Mutilations  of  various  kinds 18 

Poisoning  by  Gas   19 

Insect  Pests  20 

Lack  of  Knowledge  and  Skill  in  Planting,  Trimming,  etc 24 

A  City  Forester 24 

Duties    25 

Method  of  Appointment   25 

A  City  Nursery  26 

Varieties  of  Trees  suitable  for  Street  Planting  27 


6  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    131. 

To  his  Honor  C.  T.  Driscoll,  Mayor  of  New  Haven: 

The  undersigned,  who  were  asked  by  you  to  consider  the 
present  condition  of  the  shade  trees  of  New  Haven  and  to 
recommend  measures  necessary  for  their  better  protection  and 
for  replacing  the  trees  that  are  from  time  to  time  destroyed, 
respectfully  present  the  following  report : 

Present  Condition  of  the  Shade  Trees  in  New  Haven. 

In  some  parts  of  the  city,  trees  are  dying  and  are  being  killed 
by  various  causes  at  a  rapid  rate.  As  they  are  not  being 
systematically  replaced,  there  has  ensued  very  great  damage 
to  the  appearance  of  the  streets  and  the  beauty  of  the  city, 
and  the  result  must  be  disastrous  in  these  respects  unless  prompt 
and  intelligent  action  can  check  the  destruction. 

For  a  single  illustration,  we  note  the  condition  of  Temple 
Street  from  Chapel  to  Grove  Street.  This  was  formerly  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  city  streets  in  the  country,  lined  with 
magnificent  elms,  whose  interlacing  branches  formed  a  veritable 
cathedral  nave.  Half  of  these  noble  trees  are  now  entirely 
gone,  and  others  are  in  a  state  of  dilapidation  and  decay  which 
renders  them  a  sad  disfigurement  of  the  thoroughfare. 

At  present  the  city  is  doing  absolutely  nothing  in  the  way 
of  planting  trees  on  the  streets  or  public  squares.  Such  plant- 
ing is  done  by  owners  of  adjoining  property  if  so  inclined,  and 
they  are  not  restricted  in  the  number  or  kind  of  trees  or  the 
manner  or  place  of  setting  them. 

Once  set,  however,  they  become  the  property  of  the  city.  No 
one  but  the  superintendent  of  streets  is  allowed  to  prune  them 
or  to  remove  them  when  they  die,  and  he  is  unable  to  do  what 
is  necessary  through  lack  of  funds  and  pressure  of  other  claims 
on  the  appropriations  for  streets. 

The  pruning  has  often  been  so  unskillfully  done  as  to  be  a 
damage  rather  than  an  improvement  to  the  trees. 

Such  in  brief  outline  is  the  present  situation.  Further  details 
regarding  it  will  appear  in  what  follows : 

We  desire  first  to  speak  of  the  causes  of  the  present  condition 
of  the  city  shade  trees,  next  of  what  can  be  done  to  improve 
their  condition  and  to  replace  those  which  die,  and  lastly  to 
suggest  the  general  method  by  which  this  work  should  be 
accomplished. 


protection  of  shade  trees.  7 

Causes  of  the  Present  Condition  of  the  Shade  Trees  of 

New  Haven. 

The  unsatisfactory  condition  of  many  of  the  shade  trees  in 
the  squares  and  streets  of  New  Haven  is  due  to  a  number  of 
causes  acting  together;  no  single  one  of  them  being  chiefly 
responsible  for  the  damage.  A  brief  statement  of  these  causes 
follows : 

i.     Old  Age. 

Many  of  the  trees  in  New  Haven  are  of  very  great  age. 
For  example,  the  sycamore  near  the  corner  of  College  and 
Elm  Streets,  the  last  of  a  row  which  once  bordered  the  Green, 
was  set  in  1759  and  many  of  the  elms  on  the  Green  were 
planted  in  the  year  1787. 

While  under  favorable  conditions  some  of  these  trees  may 
last  for  many  years  longer,  their  age  must  necessarily  tell 
against  them  in  their  struggle  for  life  under  any  circumstances. 

2.     Lack  of  Water  and  Air  about  the  Roots. 

All  trees  need  to  stand  in  ground  which  is  sufficiently  open 
to  the  air  and  suitably  watered.  The  exclusion  of  either  air 
or  water  from  the  soil  is  surely  and  quickly  fatal.  It  is  a 
matter  of  common  observation  that  a  filling  of  earth  two  or 
more  feet  deep  about  thrifty,  mature  trees  will  damage  or  kill 
them.  The  covering  of  earth  works  this  injury  simply  by 
excluding  air  from  the  active  rootlets. 

The  conditions  of  city  life  seem  to  require  that  streets  and 
sidewalks  should  be  made  hard  and  as  nearly  impervious  to 
water — and  incidentally  to  air, — as  may  be.  As  a  result,  the 
trees  standing  on  or  close  by  the  streets  are  greatly  limited 
in  their  supply  of  both  water  and  air  by  the  water-tight  and 
air-tight  covering  above  their  roots. 

3.     Lack   of  Plant  Food. 

The  soil  in  a  large  part  of  the  city  is  a  light  leachy  sand, 
naturally  unfertile  and  for  more  than  a  hundred  years  the 
tree  roots  have  been  constantly  taking  the  available  plant  food 
out  of  it.  A  part  of  this  matter  assimilated  by  the  trees  remains 
permanently  in  the  wood  and  by  far  the  larger  part  goes  into 


8  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    131. 

the  leaves.  These  leaves,  as  well  as  much  of  the  grass  growing 
under  the  trees,  are  crops  which  have  been  gathered  annually 
for  more  than  a  century  from  our  streets  and  parks ;  a  crop 
which  is  rich  in  mineral  matter  and  hence  impoverishes  the  soil 
on  which  it  grows,  as  our  field  and  garden  crops  exhaust  the 
fertility  of  land.  Just  as  no  market  gardener  thinks  of  success 
in  farming  without  a  yearly  dressing  of  the  land  with  fertilizers 
of  some  sort,  so  in  our  city  parks  the  best  success  with  trees 
cannot  be  expected  on  a  soil  which  has  supported  their  life  for 
more  than  a  hundred  years,  unless  the  supply  of  plant  food  in 
the  soil  is  supplemented  by  the  use  of  fertilizers. 

The  soil  is  further  exhausted  by  the  removal  of  a  part  of  the 
grass  whenever  it  is  cut  in  our  parks. 

It  is  true  that  trees  have  the  power  to  gather  food  enough 
to  support  life  and  make  some  growth  even  from  soils  which 
are,  agriculturally  speaking,  almost  barren.  It  is  also  true 
that  the  wastes  of  the  community  which  pass  into  the  soil  help 
to  feed  the  trees  standing  upon  it.  Moreover,  from  time  to 
time,  some  fertilizing  material  has  been  put  on  our  public 
squares  with  the  object  of  improving  the  grass.  But  these 
various  things  do  not  fully  meet  the  requirements  of  the  trees. 
The  yearly  application  of  some  suitable  fertilizer  to  the  soil 
about  shade  trees,  is  of  the  highest  importance  to  increase  their 
growth  and — what  is  more  vital — their  thrift  and  their  power 
of  resisting  unfavorable  conditions. 

4.     Mutilations  of  Trees. 

A  very  large  number  of  the  trees  on  the  streets  of  New 
Haven,  not  only  such  as  are  newly  planted,  but  also  those  of 
the  larger  sizes,  have  been  and  are  now  being  injured  and  even 
ruined  by  the  gnawing  of  horses,  which  contrary  to  city  ordin- 
ances are  hitched  to  them  or  left  unhitched  to  bite  and  tear 
the  tree  trunks. 

The  damage  done  in  this  way  is  well  shown  in  figures  I 
and  2  of  Plate  I. 

To  show  the  extent  of  damage  by  horses,  the  following 
statement,  based  on  personal  observation,  gives  the  total  number 
of  trees  on  the  streets  named,  the  number  of  such  trees  damaged 
by  the  gnawing  of  horses  and  collisions  of  vehicles,  and  the 
percentage  of  mutilated  trees. 


PROTECTION    OF    SHADE   TREES.  9 

Mutilation  of  Trees  by  Horses  and  Vehicles. 

Whole  number    Number      Percentage 
of  trees.         mutilated.       injured. 

Orange  St.,   Canner  to   Court 260  82  31 

Wall  St.,  State  to  York 44  24  55 

Ashmun  St.,  York  to  Munson 107  59  55 

Orchard  St.,  Munson  to  Davenport  Ave.  244  86  35 

Chapel    St.,    Day   to    College 86  38  44 

Charles   St.,   Orchard  to   Dixwell  Ave...  18  8  44 

Howe  St.,  Whalley  Ave.  to  Oak 130  41  31 

George  St.,  Temple  to  Winthrop  Ave...  254  70  28 

1 143  408  36 

Another  very  destructive  mutilation  is  the  necessary  cutting 
of  large  roots  in  digging  for  water  and  gas  mains  or  sewers, 
and  worse  than  this  the  cutting  of  main  roots  close  to  the  tree 
or  the  cutting  of  the  trunk  itself  in  order  to  lay  a  curb-stone 
to  line  or  make  a  cobble  gutter.  An  illustration  of  such  mutila- 
tion is  given  in  figure  3,  Plate  II. 

While  this  Report  was  in  preparation,  one  of  the  finest  elms 
in  the  city  was  blown  down  by  a  sudden  squall,  carrying  to 
the  ground  a  number  of  electric  trolley  wires,  maiming  a  horse 
so  that  it  had  to  be  killed  and  doing  injury  to  the  building 
opposite.  Had  it  fallen  a  few  minutes  earlier  or  later  it  would 
certainly  have  demolished  street  cars  and  destroyed  human  life. 
The  tree  was  perfectly  sound  five  feet  above  the  ground,  but  at 
the  surface  it  was  a  mere  shell,  the  heart  wood  being  entirely 
destroyed.  The  primary  cause  of  this  decay  was  quite  certainly 
a  mutilation  of  the  root  which  had  not  healed  and  in  which 
decay  had  started,  spreading  till  the  whole  was  gone.  Figure  4, 
Plate  II,  shows  the  decayed  trunk  seen  from  the  bottom  and  is 
a  striking  example  of  the  damage  which  may  result  from  a 
mutilation. 

Another  mutilation  which  has  destroyed  many  trees  or  greatly 
marred  them  is  unskillful  trimming  and  neglect  of  the  scars 
left  by  it.  In  many  cases  large  limbs  have  been  sawed  off, 
leaving  bare  wounds  almost  horizontally  exposed,  to  catch  and 
hold  the  rain  and  entirely  unprotected  by  anything  like  paint 
to  keep  the  water  out.  Naturally  decay  soon  begins  here,  and 
spreads  into  the  body  of  the  tree. 

Figure  5  of  Plate  III  gives  an  illustration  of  this  kind  of 
damage. 

2 


10         CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    131. 

A  further  mutilation,  less  extensive  than  those  just  named, 
but  very  evident  in  some  places,  is  the  chafing  of  the  bark 
by  electric  light  or  trolley  feed  wires.  In  some  cases  the  bark 
has  been  wholly  destroyed  on  one  side  and  the  limb  killed. 
And  lastly,  each  year  some  trees  or  parts  of  trees  are  broken 
off  by  severe  gales,  the  injury  usually  occurring  to  trees  which 
are  not  in  a  very  thrifty  condition. 

5.     Poisoning  by  Illuminating  Gas. 

Illuminating  gas  is  extremely  poisonous  as  well  to  the  roots 
as  to  the  leaves  of  trees.  A  considerable  leak  from  a  gas 
main,  under  repair,  during  a  single  night  has  killed  trees  stand- 
ing near,  and  a  very  slight  leak  for  a  longer  time  will  also 
infallibly  kill  them. 

Many  trees  have  been  killed  by  this  cause,  the  damage  often 
being  done  before  the  leak  was  discovered. 

6.     Insect  Injuries. 

The  insects  which  commonly  injure  street  trees  in  New 
Haven  may  be  grouped  as  (a)  leaf-eating  insects,  (b)  sucking 
insects,  and  (c)  borers. 

(a)     Leaf-eating  Insects. 

Elm  Leaf-Beetle. — Galerucella  luteola,  Mull.  The  adults 
appear  in  the  first  half  of  May,  when  the  leaves  are  unfolding 
and  perforate  them  with  small  round  holes.  The  females  lay 
their  yellow  eggs  on  the  under  sides  of  the  leaves  in  irregular 
clusters.  Each  female  is  said  to  deposit  about  six  hundred 
eggs,  and  the  egg-laying  period  extends  over  several  weeks. 
The  eggs  hatch  in  about  a  week  and  the  young  larvae  or  grubs 
feed  upon  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  eating  off  the  green 
portion  and  leaving  only  the  skeleton  covered  with  the  upper 
epidermis.     Such  leaves  soon  turn  brown  and  fall. 

The  English  elm  suffers  greater  injury  than  our  American 
species. 

The  larvae  or  grubs  do  much  more  damage  than  the  adults, 
and  in  from  fifteen  to  twenty  days,  when  full  grown,  descend 
the  body  of  the  tree  or  drop  from  the  branches  in  search  of  a 
place  to  pupate.  Large  numbers  transform  at  the  base  of  the 
tree,  where  partially  covered  with  fallen  leaves  or  rubbish  they 


PROTECTION    OF   SHADE   TREES.  II 

may  often  be  gathered  by  the  quart.  Many,  however,  crawl 
into  crevices  of  the  rough  bark  of  the  trunk  and  larger  branches 
and  there  undergo  this  change.  In  from  six  to  ten  days  the 
adult  beetle  comes  forth,  feeds  for  a  time  upon  the  leaves  and 
then  retires  to  winter  quarters  in  some  building  or  almost  any 
sheltered  place.  In  New  Haven  some  of  the  beetles  lay  eggs 
for  a  second  brood,  but  usually  there  is  but  one  complete  genera- 
tion in  a  season. 

The  full  grown  larva  or  grub  is  about  one-half  inch  long, 
with  a  broad  black  band  along  each  side  of  the  body  and 
is  covered  with  short  tubercles  bearing  hairs.  The  pupa  is 
about  one-quarter  inch  long,  naked  and  light  yellow.  The 
adult  beetle  is  about  one-quarter  inch  long,  with  head,  chest  and 
margins  of  the  wing-covers,  brownish  yellow.  Each  wing- 
cover  is  also  marked  lengthwise  with  a  more  or  less  obscure 
black  stripe.  Plate  IX,  fig.  17,  shows  this  insect  in  its  various 
forms. 

Canker  Worms. — Fall  Canker  Worm,  Anisopteryx  pometaria, 
Harr.     Spring  Canker  Worm,  Paleacrita  vemata,  Peck. 

Both  these  species  injure  elms  in  New  Haven  by  eating  the 
leaves  during  May  and  June.  The  eggs  are  laid  on  the  bark 
of  the  trunk  or  branches  by  the  wingless  females ;  those  of  the 
fall  species  during  warm  days  in  November  and  December, 
those  of  the  spring  species  in  March  and  April. 

The  adult  males  are  grey  moths,  having  a  wing  expanse  of 
about  an  inch,  while  the  females  are  wingless  and  must  creep 
up  the  trunks  of  the  tree  to  lay  their  eggs  in  them.  See  Plate 
IX,  fig.  16. 

The  larva  or  caterpillar  becomes  full  grown  in  about  four 
weeks  after  hatching,  and  is  then  about  an  inch  long,  of  a  dark 
brown  color,  with  lighter  stripes  running  lengthwise  of  the 
body.  The  color,  however,  varies  considerably.  The  cater- 
pillars "loop"  in  crawling,  and  when  disturbed  "spin  down" 
from  the  branches  on  a  fine  thread  by  means  of  which  they 
afterwards  ascend. 

They  pupate  in  the  ground.  Much  of  the  damage  done  by 
canker  worms  in  the  city  has  been  wrongly  attributed  to  the 
elm  leaf-beetle ;  but  the  work  of  the  two  insects  may  be  readily 
distinguished.  The  adult  elm  leaf-beetle  makes  "shot-holes" 
through  the  leaf  and  its  larva  or  grub  eats  away  the  under 


12         CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    131. 

surface;  while  the  canker  worm  eats  any  portion  of  the  leaf 
except  the  principal  veins,  but  does  not  puncture  the  leaf.  The 
White-Marked  Tussock  Moth,  Notolophus  lencostigma,  Sm. 
and  Abb. ;  the  Forest  Tent  Caterpillar,  Clisiocampa  disstria, 
Hiibn. ;  the  Fall  Web  Worm,  Hyphantria  cunea,  Drury,  and 
the  Bag  Worm,  Thyridopteryx  ephemeraeformis,  Steph.,  all  of 
them  pests  in  other  places,  are  also  found  in  New  Haven,  but 
up  to  the  present  have  not  been  so  abundant  as  to  be  troublesome. 

(b)     Slicking  Insects. 

Elm  Scale. — Gossyparia  ulmi,  Geoff. 

This  insect,  shown  in  figure  6,  Plate  III,  was  introduced  from 
Europe  and  is  now  distributed  over  the  United  States.  It 
collects  in  clusters  at  the  forking  of  the  twigs  and  in  the  crevices 
of  the  bark,  mostly  on  the  under  side  of  the  branches,  from 
which  it  sucks  the  sap  for  its  food.  The  females,  dark  brown 
in  color,  with  margins  of  a  white  woolly  substance,  are  oval  in 
outline,  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long  and  bring  forth  their 
young  alive  instead  of  laying  eggs.  They  exude  a  sweet  sticky 
substance,  known  as  "honey-dew,"  in  great  abundance  and  this 
often  drips  upon  the  ground  and  walks,  under  badly  infested 
trees.  The  young  appear  about  the  middle  of  June.  The 
branches  which  they  attack  generally  die  and  the  whole  tree  is 
weakened. 

The  Cottony  Maple  Scale. — Pidvinaria  innumerabilis,  Rathv. 

This  insect  may  be  found  on  nearly  every  street  in  this  city 
where  there  are  maples.  One  of  the  worst  infested  trees  stands 
on  the  corner  of  Wall  and  Orange  Streets.  White  masses  of  a 
waxy  material,  resembling  cotton,  are  seen  in  the  crevices  of 
the  bark  and  on  the  under  sides  of  the  leaves  and  branches. 
The  impregnated  females  live  over  winter  on  the  under  sides 
of  the  twigs  and  produce  eggs  under  the  cottony  substance. 
They  then  shrivel  and  die.  The  eggs  hatch  in  early  summer, 
the  young  lice  crawl  about  for  a  few  hours,  then  settle  along 
the  mid-ribs  of  the  leaves,  where  they  continue  to  suck  the  sap, 
until  mature,  when  they  migrate  to  the  twigs  and  there  pass  the 
winter. 

Much  damage  has  been  done  in  various  places  by  this  insect, 
but  it  is  easily  controlled  by  remedial  treatment. 


PROTECTION    OF    SHADE   TREES.  1 3 

(c)     Borers. 

Maple  Borer. — Plagionotus  speciosus,  Say. 

Maple  trees  in  New  Haven  are  more  seriously  injured  by  the 
maple  borer  than  by  any  other  species  of  insect. 

The  adult  is  a  beautiful  black  beetle  about  an  inch  long, 
ornamented  with  cross-bands  of  bright  yellow.  The  eggs  are 
laid  on  the  trunks  of  the  maples  in  July  and  August  and  the 
young  borers,  as  soon  as  hatched,  tunnel  in  the  bark  or  wood, 
where  they  remain  through  the  winter.  The  appearance  of 
these  beetles  is  shown  in  figure  7,  Plate  IV.  Usually  the  main 
tunnel  is  between  the  wood  and  bark,  and  sometimes  passes 
nearly  around  the  trunk  in  a  spiral  and  upward  course,  girdling 
it.  Examples  of  the  injuries  are  shown  in  Plate  IV,  figure 
10  and  Plate  V,  figure  11.  The  "sawdust"  or  castings  are 
thrown  outside  the  burrow  and  serve  as  a  guide  to  trees  which 
have  been  attacked.  The  burrows  often  run  deep  into  the  solid 
wood  and  the  larva  doubtless  passes  the  winter  in  these  more 
protected  chambers. 

The  life-history  of  this  borer  is  not  fully  known,  but  it  is 
supposed  that  two  years  are  required  for  its  full  development. 

Elm  Borer. — Saperda  tridentata,  Oliv. 

This  enemy  of  the  elm  often  causes  great  injury  before  its 
presence  is  suspected,  and  makes  numerous  galleries  in  the 
inner  bark,  so  that  the  bark  will  sometimes  separate  from  the 
wood  in  large  sheets.  The  beetle  is  about  half  an  inch  in  length, 
slate-colored,  with  orange  markings.  Its  appearance  is  shown 
in  figure  8,  and  the  characteristic  injuries  caused  by  it  in  figure 
9  of  Plate  IV. 

The  Pigeon  Tremex. — Tremex  columba,  L. 

Injured  and  dying  elms  are  often  attacked  by  this  and  many 
other  species,  which  seldom  attack  healthy  trees. 

The  Leopard  Moth. — Zeuzera  pyrina,  Fabr.,  is  exceedingly 
injurious  to  elms  and  maples  about  New  York  City.  The 
adult  is  a  large  white  moth,  spotted  with  black,  and  the  larva 
makes  deep  burrows  into  the  wood. 

7.     Lack  of  Knozvledge  and  Care  in  Planting. 
The  statements  in  the  preceding  pages  have  mainly  to  do 
with  the  life  and  health  of  the  trees.     A  further  consideration, 
which  is  of  great  importance  and  which  is  often  overlooked,  is 


14         CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    131. 

the  failure  to  produce  trees  of  symmetrical  proportions.  The 
purpose  of  planting  trees  in  our  streets  and  parks  is  not  only 
to  furnish  shade  but  also  to  beautify  the  city.  When  trees 
are  planted,  the  question  should  always  be  considered,  whether 
the  right  varieties  have  been  chosen,  whether  the  individuals 
are  perfect,  and  whether  the  location  of  each  tree  is  such  that 
it  can  develop  symmetrically. 

It  requires  only  a  short  walk  in  the  New  Haven  streets  and 
parks  to  see  trees  which  are  misshapen  because  they  have  been 
crowded  by  one  or  more  of  their  neighbors,  and  to  see  young 
trees  which  will  never  develop  into  beautiful  individuals  because 
they  were  not  properly  treated  in  the  nursery. 

The  failure  to  produce  symmetrical  trees  in  city  streets  and 
parks  can  usually  be  attributed  to  the  following  causes : 

(a)  Poor  nursery  stock.  It  is  as  true  of  trees,  as  of  our  field 
and  garden  crops,  that,  to  secure  good  results,  the  seed  must  be 
selected  with  care  and  from  the  right  sources.  Trees  run  into 
varieties  as  readily  as  other  plants  and  these  varieties  differ 
greatly  in  beauty.  Therefore,  the  seed  for  producing  orna- 
mental trees  should  be  gathered  from  trees  of  known  stock  as 
to  symmetry  and  hardiness.  Often  this  is  not  done,  however, 
and  those  who  gather  seed  to  supply  the  trade  do  not  take  into 
consideration  the  quality  of  the  trees  which  produce  it.  Com- 
mercial stock  is,  therefore,  liable  to  be  (in  part  at  least)  from 
trees  belonging  to  the  less  desirable  varieties.  It  is  safer  that 
the  seed  used  be  from  trees  of  known  excellence.  As  a  rule 
those  who  select  young  stock  for  street  planting  are  not  qualified 
to  judge  what  individuals  are  likely  to  develop  into  well-shaped 
trees.  With  the  system  now  in  use,  it  is  inevitable  that  a  certain 
number  of  trees  are  planted  which  ought  never  to  have  left  the 
nursery.  Members  of  the  Committee  have  noticed,  in  numerous 
instances  in  New  Haven  streets,  young  trees  which  can  never 
be  beautiful  specimens  because  they  were  not  properly  handled 
in  the  nursery. 

(b)  Poor  judgment  in  selecting  the  species.  Hitherto  the 
selection  of  the  varieties  of  trees  to  be  planted  has  been  left 
entirely  to  the  private  citizens  who  purchase  them.  The  result 
is  that  there  is  no  uniformity  among  the  trees  on  many  streets, 
and  frequently  varieties  have  been  set  out  which  are  not  suitable 
for   street  purposes.     A   case   in   point   is   on   lower   Prospect 


PROTECTION    OF   SHADE   TREES.  I  5 

Street  where,  in  about  two  blocks,  Norway  maple,  sugar  maple, 
red  maple,  basswood,  white  ash,  elm,  tulip  tree,  locust  and 
cherry  can  be  found  jumbled  together  entirely  without  system. 
Without  a  systematic  plan  for  the  arrangement  of  street  trees, 
the  result  can  never  be  satisfactory. 

(c)  Unwise  location  of  trees.  In  order  to  produce  the  best 
results,  each  tree  should  be  given  enough  space  for  the  develop- 
ment of  its  normal  form.  As  a  rule  the  trees  in  New  Haven 
are  planted  too  closely  together,  with  the  result  that  many 
individuals  become  one-sided  or  otherwise  misshapen. 

There  is  also  a  tendency  to  set  young  trees  under  old  speci- 
mens which  may  die  in  a  few  years.  This  has 'been  done  in 
several  places  on  the  Green.  The  old  trees  have,  however,  not 
died  and  the  young  specimens  have  been  crowded  for  room 
and  light  and  have  become  distorted. 

(d).  Improper  planting.  This  cause  for  failure  in  city  plant- 
ing is  less  common  than  the  causes  discussed  in  the  preceding 
pages.  Nevertheless,  the  members  of  the  Committee  have 
noted  in  trje  newly-planted  streets  a  number  of  small  trees,  dead 
or  dying,  which  should  have  lived  if  they  had  been  properly 
planted. 

(e)  Lack  of  care  after  planting.  Hitherto  no  attention  seems 
to  have  been  given  to  the  young  trees  after  they  have  been 
planted,  except,  in  some  instances,  to  trim  off  the  dead  limbs. 
Often  young  specimens  require  a  certain  amount  of  trimming 
in  order  to  develop  well-shaped  crowns,  but,  so  far  as  the 
Committee  is  informed,  this  is  seldom  done.  Furthermore  it 
frequently  happens  that  young  trees  are  injured  so  severely  that 
there  is  no  hope  of  their  complete  recovery.  Even  if  they 
live,  they  cannot  become  perfect  specimens,  whereas  if  they  are 
removed  and  replaced  at  once,  the  new  trees  will  have  the  benefit 
of  growth  during  the  time  the  old  ones  would  linger  along 
before  death. 

8.     Electric  Currents  from  Feed  Wires. 

Whether  or  not  the  electric  currents — which  sometimes  leak 
into  trees  from  electric  light,  or  trolley  wire — damage  the  trees 
has  not  been  certainly  determined ; — there  can  be  no  doubt, 
however,  that  they  are  of  no  benefit  and  prudence  will  dictate 
that  such  exposures  should  be  carefully  avoided. 


1 6      connecticut  experiment  station,  bulletin  131. 

What  Can  be  Done  to  Protect  and  Improve  the  Shade 

Trees  ? 

We  have  thus  set  forth  the  main  causes  of  the  present  unsatis- 
factory condition  of  the  city  shade  trees.  To  abate  or  remove 
these  causes  we  make  the  following  notes  and  recommendations : 

1.  Age  of  the  trees.  For  old  age  there  is  no  remedy !  Never- 
theless the  recommendations  given  below  will  certainly  lengthen 
the  life  of  the  trees  by  abating  those  attacks  which  weaken  the 
vital  forces  and  thus  hasten  decay  and  death. 

2.  Lack  of  Water  and  Air  about  the  Roots.  This  lack  is  not 
very  severely  felt  by  trees  standing  in  the  squares  with  some 
green  sward  about  them.  In  times  of  extreme  and  protracted 
drought  these  trees  suffer  in  common  with  all  vegetation  and 
would  of  course  be  helped  by  watering  once  a  month  while  the 
drought  lasts,  with  a  large  volume  of  water  equal  to  at  least 
one-half  the  normal  average  rainfall. 

On  narrow  paved  streets  in  the  center  of  the  city  little  can 
be  done,  and  it  is  a  question  how  long  the  trees  in  such  situations 
can  survive.     On  residential  .streets  conditions  are  better. 

Lawns  next  the  street,  which  are  well  watered,  give  access 
of  air  and  water  to  the  tree  roots  under  them  and  thus  greatly 
help  to  support  the  trees  on  the  street. adjoining. 

The  conditions  for  growth  would  be  still  better  if  the  trees 
were  on  the  lawn  side  of  the  walk  instead  of  near  the  curb. 
With  such  an  arrangement  the  trees  would  have  more  space 
for  the  growth  of  their  roots,  and  there  would  be  less  damage 
if  it  were  necessary  to  cut  the  roots  in  lowering  the  foundation 
of  the  road.  Furthermore  they  would  be  out  of  the  reach  of 
horses  and  would  thus  escape  one  of  the  most  serious  sources 
of  damage.  Such  a  plan  would  improve  the  general  appear- 
ance of  the  street  by  giving  it  a  broader  effect.  There  would 
be  an  advantage  also  in  having  the  walks  drain  directly  into  the 
street  and  thus  the  possibility  of  standing  water  on  or  beside 
the  walk  would  be  avoided.  Such  a  plan  would  be  practical 
only  where  no  trees  have  already  been  planted,  and  where  the 
building  lots  are  deep  enough  to  leave  some  air  space  between 
trees  and  buildings.  Figure  12,  Plate  VI,  gives  an  idea  of  the 
general  effect  of  this  system  of  planting. 


PROTECTION    OF    SHADE   TREES.  1 7 

3.  Lack  of  Plant  Food.  This  may  be  supplied  by  a  regular 
annual  dressing  with  a  moderate  amount  of  fertilizer  put  on 
the  surface.  It  is  not  practicable  or  necessary  to  dig  it  in. 
If  the  surface  is  enriched,  the  feeding  rootlets  of  the  trees  will 
quickly  find  it  out  and  develop  most  where  they  find  most 
nourishment. 

It  is  desirable,  however,  that  experiments  should  be  made 
in  the  use  for  shade  trees  of  liquid  fertilizers  poured  into  holes, 
an  inch  in  diameter,  made  for  the  purpose  about  the  trees. 

To  avoid  complaints,  not  always  quite  reasonable,  a  fertilizer 
for  use  in  city  squares  should  be  nearly  or  quite  odorless  and 
not  offensive  to  the  sight. 

We  recommend  for  present  use  a  mixture  of 

Cost. 

50  pounds  nitrate  of  soda  @  $45  per  ton $1.13 

300  pounds  cotton  seed  meal  @  $27  per  ton 4.05 

100  pounds  acid  phosphate  @  $15  per  ton 75 

100  pounds  muriate  of  potash  @  $42.50  per  ton 2.13 

550  pounds  costing $8.06 

The  mixture  is  to  be  made  by  shoveling  the  ingredients 
together  just  before  use  and  should  be  sown  broadcast  on  each 
acre  of  land  which  is  directly  under  the  tree  branches,  as  soon 
as  the  leaves  begin  to  open  in  the  spring. 

In  addition  to  such  fertilization,  we  recommend  an  application 
of  slaked  lime  to  be  made  yearly,  for  some  years,  between 
December  ist  and  April  ist. 

Five  hundred  pounds  of  stone  lime,  which  is  moderately  free 
from  magnesia,  should  be  sown  broadcast  per  acre,  after  being 
slaked  with  water.     This  quantity  of  lime  will  cost  about  $2.50. 

For  stone  lime  may  be  substituted  700  pounds  of  slaked  oyster- 
shell  lime.  This  can  be  bought  here,  ready  for  use,  for  12^2 
cents  per  bushel  of  about  48  pounds  in  bulk,  making  the  cost  per 
acre  $1.80. 

The  cost  of  mixing  the  fertilizer  and  slaking  the  lime — if 
stone  lime  is  used — should  not  exceed  $1.50  per  ton,  so  that 
the  total  cost  of  fertilizing  all  the  squares  annually  in  the  way 
recommended  would  be  between  $11.30  and  $12.00  per  acre 
annually,  exclusive  of  the  teaming  and  labor  of  applying  the 
fertilizer  to  the  land. 


1 8         CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    131. 

It  may  be  added  that  the  fertilizer  and  lime  above  recom- 
mended are  an  excellent  dressing  for  grass  and  lawns,  and  that 
a  well  fertilized  and  well  watered  lawn  greatly  helps  the  trees 
which  stand  on  the  street  bordering  it. 

4.  Mutilation  of  trees  by  horses,  by  street  work  and  by  electric 
wires.  Our  present  city  ordinances  forbid  "any  person  to  cut, 
bruise,  injure  or  destroy  any  tree  or  shrub  for  shade,  ornament, 
or  use  in  any  street  or  public  square,"  also  "to  fasten  any  horse 
or  other  animal  to  any  shade  tree  in  any  street  or  who  shall 
place  or  leave  any  horse  or  other  animal  in  such  a  manner 
that  it  may  injure  any  shade  tree,"  also  "to  mischievously  injure 
or  remove  any  fixture  placed  around  any  tree  for  its  protection," 
or  "to  attach  any  guy  rope,  show  bill,  advertisement  or  other 
thing  upon  any  tree  without  the  permission  of  the  Board  of 
Public  Works." 

These  regulations  are  suitable  and  sufficient  for  the  protection 
of  our  trees  if  they  were  thoroughly  enforced,  which  they  mani- 
festly are  not  and  perhaps  practically  cannot  be.  Nevertheless 
more  might  be  done  in  this  direction  and  we  would  suggest  that 
the  police  be  instructed  to  take  notice  of  all  infractions  which 
come  to  their  knowledge  and  that  the  offenders  be  vigorously 
prosecuted. 

The  regulation  of  stringing  electric  wires  is  a  delicate  and 
difficult  matter  and  it  might  be  advisable  to  require  that  this 
should  always  be  done  under  the  supervision  of  an  inspector 
furnished  by  the  Board  of  Public  Works  at  the  expense  of  the 
Company  doing  the  work. 

As  to  the  cutting  of  roots  in  the  laying  of  curb  stones,  gutters, 
sidewalks  and  street  mains,  we  know  of  no  way  to  prevent  it. 
The  liability  of  our  trees  to  damage  from  these  causes  seems 
inseparable  from  the  necessity  of  properly  constructed  streets, 
and  from  the  existence  of  heat,  light  and  water  systems  which 
are  indispensable  municipal  requirements.  The  Board  of  Public 
Works,  however,  rather  than  a  contractor,  should  in  all  cases 
decide  when  and  where  mutilation  of  the  trunk  or  roots  of  a 
tree  is  necessary. 

All  trees  near  the  curb  and  within  reach  of  horses  should  be 
so  protected  that  they  cannot  be  bitten  or  gnawed.  Young  trees 
should  be  surrounded  by  a  frame  or  by  wire  netting  so  adjusted 
that  it  will  not  bind  or  cut  the  bark  as  the  tree  stows.     For 


PROTECTION    OF   SHADE   TREES.  1 9 

large  trees  netting  fastened  on  the  street  side  will  usually  be 
sufficient. 

Mutilation  by  unskillful  trimming.  When  the  limbs  of  a 
tree  are  amputated,  extreme  care  should  be  taken  to  make  the 
cuts  close  to,  and  perfectly  even  with,  the  trunk.  If  the  pruning 
is  done  in  this  manner,  the  wounds  heal  more  quickly  than  if 
stubs  of  the  branches  remain,  and  after  healing  there  are  no 
unsightly  bulges  at  the  point  of  cutting.  Care  should  further 
be  taken  that  no  bark  is  torn  from  the  trunk,  as  often  occurs 
when  a  heavy  branch  is  removed.  In  order  to  avoid  this  evil,  a 
cut  should  first  be  made  on  the  under  side  of  the  branch  at  a 
distance  of  a  foot  or  more  from  the  trunk,  and  then  the  branch 
should  be  cut  off  just  above  the  notch.  The  stub  can  then  be 
safely  removed  and  a  perfectly  smooth  cut  made. 

After  the  removal  of  a  branch  the  wound  should  be  painted 
with  a  coat  of  coal  tar.  The  painting  of  wounds  of  living 
branches  may  be  done  best  after  the  activity  of  the  sap  has 
ceased,  for  at  this  season  the  coal  tar  will  adhere  most  perfectly 
to  the  wood. 

The  trimming  of  dead  limbs  may  be  carried  on  at  any  season 
of  the  year,  but  extensive  pruning  of  living  branches  should 
preferably  be  done  when  the  trees  are  not  in  sap,  for  it  has  been 
shown  by  experiments  that  wounds  made  in  the  fall  and  winter 
tend  to  resist  decay  better  than  those  made  during  the  period 
of  growth. 

No  recommendations  can  be  made  regarding  the  trimming 
of  trees  to  improve  the  shape  of  their  crowns,  for  this  operation 
can  only  be  carried  out  by  a  skilled  forester  or  landscape  gar- 
dener, who  must  treat  each  tree  according  to  its  individual 
requirements. 

Mutilation  by  Wind  Storms.  Nothing  can  be  done  to  protect 
our  trees  against  the  wind  other  than  to  keep  them  in  as  strong 
and  thrifty  condition  as  may  be,  thus  giving  them  greater  power 
of  resistance. 

5.  Poisoning  by  Illuminating  Gas.  We  have  nothing  at 
present  to  recommend  other  than  that  the  police  should  report 
at  once  any  suspected  leakage  of  gas  in  the  streets,  both  to  the 
Board  of  Public  Works  and  to  the  Gas  Company,  and  that  the 
latter  should  be  required  by  the  Board  of  Public  Works  at  once 
to  examine  and  repair  if  necessary. 


20         CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    131. 

All  citizens  should  cooperate  in  giving  timely  notice  of  sus- 
pected leaks,  which,  if  not  stopped,  may  soon  kill  valuable  trees. 
In  some  cities,  when  a  tree  has  been  killed  by  gas  leaks,  the 
Company  is  required  to  pay  the  expense  of  removing  it  and 
planting  a  new  one  under  the  direction  of  the  City  authorities. 
Such  a  regulation  seems  eminently  just,  and  its  adoption  in  New 
Haven  is  well  worth  considering. 

6.  Insect  Pests.  Means  of  destroying  Leaf-eating  Insects. 
Trees  can  be  protected  against  all  leaf-eating  insects  if  the  foli- 
age is  kept  well  covered  with  poison  during  the  early  part  of 
the  summer.  A  thorough  spraying  should  be  given  the  trees 
as  soon  as  the  leaves  have  unfolded,  for  if  the  elm  leaf-beetles 
can  be  poisoned  before  laying  eggs  the  battle  is  won'  Another 
application  should  be  made  about  two  weeks  later  or  as  soon  as 
the  young  larvae  begin  to  hatch  out  from  the  eggs.  The  second 
spray  should  be  directed  against  the  under  surface  of  the 
leaves.  In  a  dry  season  like  the  past,  probably  no  other  spray- 
ing would  be  necessary,  but  if  rains  were  frequent  four  appli- 
cations might  be  required  to  keep  the  foliage  well  poisoned  up 
to  the  first  of  July. 

Arsenate  of  lead  is  perhaps  the  best  poison  to  use  for  this 
purpose.  It  has  been  employed  during  the  last  five  or  six  years, 
has  given  entire  satisfaction  and  is  considered  superior  to  Paris 
green  by  several  competent  and  experienced  men  in  charge  of 
street  trees. 

It  may  be  prepared  as  follows : 

Arsenate  of  Soda ' 4  oz'. 

Acetate  of  Lead 11  oz. 

Water    100  gallons. 

The  arsenate  of  soda  and  the  acetate  of  lead  should  each  be 
dissolved  in  four  quarts  of  water  and  then  poured  into  the 
spraying  tank  containing  the  required  amount  of  water.  This 
mixture  will  not  injure  the  foliage  even  if  a  much  larger  pro- 
portion of  poison  is  used.  It  should  be  stirred  constantly  to 
insure  uniformity  in  the  mixture  applied,  though  most  spray- 
ing outfits  are  provided  with  an  agitator  for  this  purpose. 

If  trees  cannot  be  sprayed,  however,  some  good  may  be 
accomplished  by  destroying  the  pupae  of  the  Elm  Leaf-Beetle 
as  they  congregate  at  the  base  of  trees.  They  may  be  gathered 
and  burned,  or  drenched  with  a  mixture  of  1  lb.  of  whale-oil 


PROTECTION    OF   SHADE   TREES.  21 

soap  dissolved  in  5  gallons  of  water,  or  with  kerosene  (10  per 
cent.)  and  water  mixed  and  applied  with  a  pump  made  especially 
for  the  purpose. 

In  the  winter  the  belfries  and  towers  of  all  public  buildings 
should  be  searched  and  the  beetles  found  in  them  carefully 
gathered  up  and  burned.  Vast  numbers  of  them  are  often 
found  in  such  places. 

As  the  females  of  the  canker  worm  and  of  the  white-marked 
tussock  moth  are  wingless,  trees  may  be  protected  against  them 
by  putting  sticky  bands  around  the  trunks  of  the  trees.  A 
strip  of  tarred  paper  five  inches  wide,  tacked  around  the  tree 
and  covered  with  a  quarter-inch  layer  of  printers'  ink  makes 
a  serviceable  band.  Cotton  batting  should  be  placed  under  the 
paper  to  prevent  insects  from  crawling  beneath  it.  The  ink 
will  harden  after  a  few  weeks,  but  may  be  kept  soft  and  sticky 
by  brushing  it  over  occasionally  with  black  Virginia  oil  such  as 
is  used  for  lubricating  the  axles  of  freight  cars.  The  ink  and 
oil  should  not  be  spread  on  the  bark  of  the  trees. 

Several  forms  of  metal  protectors  are  on  the  market,  but  all 
need  frequent  attention  to  keep  them  in  good  condition.  All 
forms  of  bands  and  protectors  are  unsightly  and  are  not  needed 
where  spraying  is  practiced. 

Remedies  for  Sucking  Insects.  All  the  sucking  insects 
that  have  been  named  above  or  that  are  liable  to  injure  shade 
trees  must  be  destroyed  by  something  that  will  kill  by  contact, 
as  they  do  not  take  the  arsenical  poisons  into  their  system. 
The  cheapest  and  most  efficient  of  these  insecticides  is  kerosene 
oil  and  water,  but  a  pump  of  special  pattern  is  necessary  to 
apply  it.  A  mixture  containing  fifteen  per  cent,  of  kerosene 
will  kill  most  sucking  insects  without  injury  to  the  foliage  of 
the  trees.  One  pound  of  whale-oil  soap  in  five  gallons  of  water 
is  also  an  efficient  remedy. 

Remedies  for  Borers.  Borers  are  more  liable  to  attack,  trees 
which  have  been  weakened  or  injured  than  healthy  and  vigorous 
specimens  and  often  attack  that  portion  of  a  tree  where  large 
branches  have  been  cut  off  in  a  careless  way  and  decay  has 
begun.  This  form  of  attack  is  shown  in  Plate  VI,  figure  13. 
The  maple  borer,  however,  sometimes  attacks  strong  trees. 
Constant  watchfulness  will  detect  the  borers  when  they  begin 
their  work  and  they  may  then  be  destroyed  by  injecting  carbon- 


22         CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    131. 

bisulphide  into  the  tunnel  which  they  make  and  plugging  it 
tight  with  putty.  Sometimes  they  can  be  killed  by  running  a 
wire  into  the  burrow,  but  it  is  often  necessary  to  dig  them  out 
and  properly  dress  the  wound  with  paint.  The  very  best  pre- 
ventive is  to  keep  all  trees  in  a  perfectly  healthy  and  vigorous 
condition. 

We  advise  that  the  elm  trees  on  the  "Green"  and  on  other 
centrally  located  public  squares  of  New  Haven  be  sprayed  for 
a  few  years  to  reduce  as  much  as  possible  the  injury  sure  to  be 
caused  by  the  elm  leaf-beetle,  canker-worm  and  other  leaf- 
eating  insects.  It  does  not  seem  practicable  to  attempt  to  spray 
all  street  trees,  but  suitable  equipment  should  be  procured  so 
that  at  a  day's  notice  any  tree  in  any  street  of  the  city  can  be 
sprayed  when  it  is  found  that  any  insect  pest  is  threatening 
serious  damage. 

Such  equipment  should  contain  at  least  one  power  spraying 
outfit  for  large  trees,  and  three  hand  barrel  pumps,  of  which 
two  are  of  the  special  form  for  mixing  kerosene  and  water, 
together  with  plenty  of  Yz  inch  hose,  couplers,  extensions, 
nozzles,  etc.,*  constructed  especially  for  spraying  purposes. 
The  cost  of  such  an  outfit  would  be  not  far  from  $500.00. 

Though  the  members  of  this  committee  have  not  had  oppor- 
tunity to  test  the  various  power  sprayers  on  the  market,  we 
believe  that  an  outfit  such  as  devised  for  use  in  the  parks  of 
New  York  City  by  Dr.  E.  B.  Southwick,  Entomologist  of  the 
Park  Commission,  is  the  best  and  most  economical  equipment 
for  New  Haven.  This  outfit  consists  of  a  "Daimler"  gasoline 
motor  operating  a  Gould's  force  pump.  Motor  and  pump 
together  weigh  but  300  lbs.  and  may  be  placed  on  a  spring 
wagon  with  the  tank  containing  the  insecticide.  This  motor 
requires  very  little  attention  and  is  economical,  as  a  gallon  of 
gasolene  per  day,  it  is  stated,  is  all  that  is  required  for  fuel. 

Hand  barrel  pumps  with  the  kerosene  attachment  are  made 
by  the  Deming  Co.,  Salem,  Ohio,  and  The  Gould's  Mfg.  Co. 
of  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.  The  kerosene  attachment  may  be 
removed  and  the  pumps  can  then  be  used  to  apply  any  mixture. 

Such  pumps  (without  the  kerosene  attachment)  made  by 
Morrill  &  Morley  of  Benton  Harbor,  Mich,  and  The  Gould's 

*The  city  of  Springfield  is  equipped  with  two  power  sprayers  and 
twelve  barrel  pumps.     See  Report  of  City  Forester  for  1899,  p.  4. 


PROTECTION    OF   SHADE   TREES.  23 

Mfg.  Co.  of  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.,  have  been  in  use  for  several 
years  at  the  Experiment  Station  and  have  given  satisfaction. 

One  of  the  best  nozzles  for  spraying  trees  is  the  "McGowen," 
made  by  J.  J.  McGowen,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  For  small  trees  or 
shrubs,  the  "Vermorel"  is  excellent  and  may  be  obtained  from 
any  pump  manufacturer. 

The  general  appearance  of  the  spraying  apparatus  mentioned 
above  is  well  shown  in  Plates  VII  and  VIII,  figures  14  and  15, 
which  were  kindly  supplied  by  Dr.  E.  P.  Felt,  Entomologist  of 
the  State  of  New  York. 

In  reference  to  the  cost  of  spraying  trees,  we  cite  the  follow- 
ing from  page  21,  Bulletin  No.  20,  Vol.  5,  of  the  New  York 
State  Museum,  "On  the  Elm  Leaf-Beetle  in  New  York  State," 
prepared  by  Dr.  Felt,  the  State  Entomologist: 

"Cost  of  Spraying  Elms.  I  have  taken  some  pains  to  ascertain 
the  precise  cost  of  spraying  per  tree  in  the  hope  of  encouraging 
those  to  whom  this  would  be  a  serious  item.  It  is  pleasant 
to  record  that  the  expense  is  much  lower  than  I  had  supposed. 
Dr.  Smith,  of  the  New  Jersey  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
has  kindly  supplied  the  following  data.  The  elms  on  the  col- 
lege campus  at  New  Brunswick  are  50  to  75  feet  high  and  were 
sprayed  at  odd  times  by  the  janitors,  it  requiring  about  an  hour 
or  two  with  force  pump,  tank  and  ladders  to  treat  one  tree. 
The  poison  necessary  for  each  spraying  was  worth  about  six 
cents.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  cost  per  tree  would  be 
between  36  and  56  cents,  varying  with  the  price  of  labor.  In 
the  city  of  New  Brunswick  the  trees  were  sprayed  at  a  contract 
price  of  one  dollar  for  the  season,  the  understanding  being  that 
they  were  to  receive  three  treatments  if  necessary.  The  con- 
tractor prepared  the  outfit,  furnished  the  material,  did  the  spray- 
ing at  the  price  mentioned  and  had  a  neat  margin  remaining. 

Mr.  Kirkland,  Assistant  State  Entomologist  of  Massachusetts, 
has  kindly  supplied  me  with  the  following  figures.  A  grove  of 
over  200  red  and  white  oaks  ranging  in  height  from  40  to  7° 
feet  were  sprayed  once  at  an  expense  of  49  cents  per  tree.  In 
this  instance  arsenate  of  lead  was  used  at  the  rate  of  20  lbs.  to 
150  gallons  of  water,  a  considerably  stronger  mixture  than 
would  be  necessary  for  the  larvae  of  the  elm-beetle.  In  addition, 
he  estimated  the  expense  of  spraying  smaller  trees,  20  to  40 
feet  high,  at  15  to  20  cents  per  tree. 

The  cost  of  spraying  the  elms  in  Albany  this  season,  aside 
from  wear  and  tear  of  the  apparatus,  is  considerably  less  than 
the  figures  above  given.  The  trees  present  a  wide  range  in 
size,  although  the  majority  are  from  50  to  about  70  feet  in 


24         CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT    STATION,    BULLETIN    I3I. 

height.  Taking  them  as  they  come,  Mr.  Lewis  has  succeeded  in 
spraying  them  once  at  the  low  cost  of  about  15  cents  per  tree. 
This  is  largely  due  to  the  excellent  apparatus,  to  be  described 
later,  and  is  a  most  encouraging  feature  of  the  work. 

"It  is  hoped  that  these  figures  will  induce  private  individuals 
to  provide  protection  for  their  trees,  either  by  doing  the  spraying 
themselves  or  else  by  hiring  some  capable  party." 

We  are  informed  by  Mr.  Wirth,  Park  Superintendent  of 
Hartford,  that  the  cost  of  spraying  in  Bushnell  Park  last  sum- 
mer, averaged  $1.00  per  tree  and  that  the  benefit  to  the  trees 
was  well  worth  the  outlay. 

7.  The  remedies  for  defects  in  the  Methods  of  Selecting, 
Planting  and  Caring  for  Trees,  may  be  applied  by  a  city  fores- 
ter, as  will  be  explained  in  what  follows : 

How  Shall  the  Work  of  Protecting  and  Improving  the 
Trees  be  Done? 

In  the  foregoing,  we  have  named  the  principal  troubles  which 
beset  the  city  shade  trees  and  have  indicated  how  they  may 
be  greatly  lessened  if  not  wholly  removed.  There  remains  to 
consider  the  question  as  to  how  and  under  what  management 
and  supervision  this  work  can  be  most  efficiently  and  economi- 
cally carried  out. 


A  City  Forester. 

It  has  been  shown  that  the  present  unsatisfactory  condition 
of  our  street  trees  is  largely  due  to  the  lack  of  intelligent  care. 
In  this  report  certain  remedies  have  been  suggested  for  the 
existing  evils,  but  it  is  the  opinion  of  the  Committee  that  they 
can  not  be  properly  applied  unless  supervised  by  a  competent 
expert.  In  order  to  establish  and  manage  a  city  nursery,  to 
select  specimens  for  the  streets  and  parks  and  to  superintend 
the  work  of  planting  them,  to  trim  the  young  trees,  to  select 
such  as  should  be  removed,  to  protect  the  trees  from 
injurious  insects  and  from  mutilation,  to  properly  fertilize  them, 
etc.,  etc.,  there  is  required  a  special  knowledge  which  can  be 
found  only  in  a  trained  expert. 

The  Committee  therefore  recommends  the  appointment  of  a 
City  Forester. 


PROTECTION    OF   SHADE   TREES.  2$ 

Duties  of  the  City  Forester. 

The  City  Forester  should  be  charged  with  the  entire  care  of 
the  trees  in  the  streets  and  interior  parks  of  the  city.  It  should 
be  his  duty  to  make  regular  and  thorough  inspections  of  all 
the  trees  within  the  city,  and,  in  case  of  damage  from  insects, 
disease,  gas,  lack  of  water  and  air  for  the  roots,  or  from  any 
other  cause,  he  should  institute  and  superintend  the  application 
of  such  remedial  measures  as  may  be  necessary.  If  any  trees 
are  dead  or  have  become  unsightly  through  disease  or  mutilation, 
the  City  Forester  should  superintend  their  removal.  If  trees 
stand  too  closely  together  and  they  can  be  safely  thinned  out,  he 
should  superintend  this  operation. 

The  City  Forester  should,  further,  establish  and  manage  a 
city  nursery  to  raise  trees  for  the  newly  planted  streets  and 
to  fill  the  gaps  in  the  older  streets  and  parks.  He  should  per- 
sonally select  the  trees  from  the  nursery  and  superintend  the 
planting  in  the  streets  and  parks ;  and  he  should  see  to  it  that 
the  young  trees  are  protected,  where  necessary,  by  wire'  screens 
or  similar  appliances.  Finally  it  should  be  his  duty  to  trim  the 
trees  whenever  necessary. 

Method   of  Appointment. 

With  regard  to  the  mode  of  appointing  a  City  Forester,  it 
is  evident  that  his  selection  and  the  tenure  of  his  office  should 
be  kept  as  free  as  possible  from  all  political  considerations  and 
influences. 

To  secure  this  desirable  result  it  seems  to  us  that  the  most 
effectual  as  well  as  the  most  simple  and  appropriate  way  would 
be  to  make  him  an  official  and  appointee  of  the  Department  of 
Parks.  It  would  of  course  be  necessary  in  such  case  to  enlarge 
the  jurisdiction  of  that  department  so  as  to  embrace  the  care 
of  all  the  trees  in  the  streets  and  public  squares  of  the  city, 
and  in  order  to  ensure  systematic,  continuous  and  scientific 
work,  a  fixed  annual  appropriation  should  be  provided  for 
by  charter  amendment  of  sufficient  amount  to  cover  the 
necessary  expenditures  of  the  department  in  its  enlarged 
province. 

What  the  amount  of  such  annual  appropriation  should  be  we 
do  not  undertake  to   suggest,   regarding  that  matter  as   one 


26        CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    131. 

which  is  not  proper  for  us  to  consider,  and  which  in  any  case 
we  are  not  at  present  in  possession  of  sufficient  information 
to  determine. 

A  City  Nursery. 

In  event  of  the  appointment  of  a  City  Forester,  the  Com- 
mittee would  recommend  the  establishment  of  a  nursery  to  raise 
trees  for  future  planting.  There  would  be  a  considerable  sav- 
ing of  expense,  and  the  quality  of  the  stock  would  be  much 
better  than  that  which  could  be  purchased  from  a  commercial 
nursery.  When  a  lot  of  ioo  or  more  trees  is  purchased  from  a 
nurseryman,  it  is  practically  impossible  to  obtain  perfect  indi- 
viduals in  every  case.  If  there  were  a  city  nursery  under  the 
charge  of  a  City  Forester,  it  would  be  possible  to  transplant 
the  young  trees  in  the  nursery  more  often  than  is  usually  done, 
and  to  give  each  individual  a  personal  care  which  is  impractic- 
able where  trees  are  raised  in  very  large  numbers. 

Under  efficient  management  the  cost  of  the  trees  raised  in  a 
city  nursery  should  not  exceed  one-half  to  one-quarter  of  the 
cost  of  those  purchased  from  commercial  houses,  the  quality 
of  the  stock  would  be  very  much  better,  and  the  percentage  of 
loss  from  death  in  transplanting  would  be  considerably  reduced. 

The  Committee  would  recommend  the  use  of  a  part  of  the 
Springside  Farm  for  the  nursery.  Probably  from  three  to  five 
acres  would  be  sufficient  for  the  production  of  five  hundred 
trees  annually. 

During  the  first  year  it  would  be  necessary  to  start  a  seed 
bed,  and  it  would  be  desirable  to  purchase  and  set  out  young 
plants  in  order  that  there  may  be  as  little  delay  as  possible 
in  producing  trees  of  a  size  suitable  for  street  planting. 

A  liberal  estimate  of  the  first  year's  expense,  necessary  for 
a  nursery  large  enough  to  produce  500  trees  annually,  is  as 
follows : 

750  small  trees $  75.00 

Seed 10.00 

Labor,  tools,  frames,  etc 100.00 

Fencing 100.00 

Total   $285.00 

Under  economical  management  the  total  annual  cost  of  main- 
taining such  a  nursery  in  succeeding  years  should  not  exceed 
$100. 


PROTECTION    OF   SHADE   TREES.  27 

The  cost  of' purchasing  five  hundred  trees  from  nurserymen 
for  immediate  planting  would  be  not  less  than  $300,  but  might 
be  $500  for  the  quality  of  stock  required.  If  large  trees  were 
set  out  the  cost  would  be  enormously  increased,  but,  if  trees 
are  properly  cared  for  after  setting,  better  results  can  be 
obtained  from  comparatively  small  stock. 

The  cost  of  planting  would  probably  not  exceed  60  cents  for 
each  tree  or  $300  for  500  trees.  It  would  be  desirable,  however, 
to  make  an  appropriation  of  at  least  $500  for  this  purpose  to 
cover  all  emergencies.  For  the  first  year  there  should,  there- 
fore, be  an  appropriation  of  $1,000  for  planting  500  purchased 
trees  and  $285  for  the  establishment  of  a  nursery. 

Varieties  of  Trees  Suitable  for  Street  Planting. 

In  conclusion,  we  desire  to  say  a  few  words  regarding  the 
kinds  of  trees  which  it  is  desirable  to  plant  on  city  streets. 

New  Haven,  the  "Elm  City,"  has  for  many  years  been  noted 
for  the  beauty  of  its  elms,  and  it  seems  eminently  proper  that 
this  character  should  be  preserved.  It  is,  therefore,  recom- 
mended that  when  the  old  elms  die,  they  be  replaced  by  the 
same  species.  If  the  newly  set  trees  are  properly  cared  for, 
there  should  be  no  difficulty  in  producing  specimens  of  as  fine 
proportions  as  those  now  standing. 

Next  to  the  elm,  the  most  popular  tree  for  street  planting 
in  New  Haven  has  been  the  sugar  maple.  In  youth  it  forms  a 
compact,  oval,  or  egg-shaped  crown  of  remarkable  symmetry. 
With  advancing  age  the  top  becomes  broad  and  often  nearly 
flat,  giving  the  tree  an  expression  of  dignity,  which  it  altogether 
lacks  when  young.  It  is  transplanted  with  ease  and  thrives 
well  in  the  unfavorable  conditions  of  large  cities.  It  grows 
rapidly,  being  surpassed  in  this  respect  among  the  maples,  only 
by  the  silver  variety. 

The  red  maple  seems  to  thrive  admirably  in  New  Haven. 
Although  it  is  surpassed  by  the  other  maples  in  grace  of  form, 
it  will  always  be  a  favorite  street  tree  on  account  of  its  scarlet 
flowers,  which  appear  early  in  spring  and  its  brilliant  autumn 
foliage.     It  is  recommended  for  planting  in  New  Haven. 

The  silver  maple  has  been  planted  in  the  New  Haven  streets 
only  to  a  limited  extent.     In  its  natural  habitat  it  is  one  of  the 


28         CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    131. 

most  beautiful  of  all  the  American  trees.  Unfortunately,  how- 
ever, it  is  fastidious  as  to  soil  and  situation,  and  the  specimens 
planted  in  cities  do  not  usually  do  justice  to  the  capabilities  of 
the  tree.  It  grows  with  great  rapidity  and  in  early  life  develops 
a  spreading  crown  with  long  drooping  branches.  The  wood  is 
soft  and  brittle,  especially  when  the  tree  does  not  find  congenial 
soil,  and  often  the  slender  trunks  are  unable  to  support  the  long 
branches,  which  are  broken  by  their  own  weight.  Wind  and  ice 
storms  do  considerable  damage  to  the  silver  maple,  and  the 
soft  wood,  when  exposed,  is  quickly  attacked  by  fungus  diseases 
which  eventually  kill  the  tree.  In  the  judgment  of  the  Com- 
mittee it  should  take  a  subordinate  place  among  the  trees  recom- 
mended for  planting  in  streets. 

The  Norway  maple  is  an  admirable  tree  for  street  planting. 
It  forms  a  large,  compact,  round  head  and  casts  a  very  heavy 
shade.  It  grows  more  slowly  than  the  trees  already  mentioned, 
but  it  has  the  advantage  of  requiring  but  little  care  after  plant- 
ing.    It  is  perfectly  hardy  in  New  Haven. 

Of  the  trees  which  have  been  but  little  planted  in  New  Haven, 
the  Committee  would  specially  recommend  the  pin  oak,  tulip 
tree  and  sycamore. 

The  pin  oak  is  rapidly  coming  into  popularity  in  a  number 
of  cities.  It  is  distinguished  by  a  graceful  pyramidal  form  with 
drooping  lower  branches  which  often  sweep  the  ground.  It  is 
easily  transplanted  and  thrives  peculiarly  well  as  a  street  tree. 
Its  growth  is  apt  to  be  slow  directly  after  transplanting,  but 
in  a  few  years  it  is  able  to  keep  pace  with  most  other  trees.  It 
is  recommended  for  trial  in  New  Haven. 

There  are  a  number  of  other  oaks  which  might  well  be  tried 
in  our  streets,  as  the  red,  white  and  scarlet  varieties.  If  fre- 
quently transplanted  in  the  nursery  and  severely  pruned  before 
removal,  they  may  be  successfully  planted  in  cities. 

The  tulip  tree  grows  naturally  in  the  woods  near  New  Haven, 
and  will  doubtless  thrive  as  a  street  tree.  It  grows  rapidly  and 
during  the  period  of  its  principal  height  growth  forms  a  conical 
crown,  which  in  old  age  becomes  more  or  less  irregular.  It  is 
a  tree  of  great  dignity  and  should  be  given  a  trial  in  New 
Haven. 

For  broad  streets  the  sycamore  is  a  beautiful  and  appropriate 
tree.     Both  the  American  and  Oriental  varieties  are  used,  and 


PROTECTION    OF   SHADE   TREES.  29 

both  develop  large  spreading  crowns  and  grow  with  great 
rapidity.  The  American  sycamore  is,  as  a  rule,  more  subject 
to  disease  than  the  Oriental  variety,  and  in  consequence  the 
latter  is  usually  given  the  preference. 

There  are  a  number  of  American  lindens  (bass wood)  planted 
in  the  streets  and  parks  of  New  Haven.  This  species  grows 
rapidly  and  develops  a  large,  round  crown  which  casts  a  deep 
shade.  With  proper  care  the  American  linden  makes  an  excel- 
lent avenue  tree,  but  it  is  liable  to  be  injured  by  storms  and,  if 
it  is  neglected,  disease  is  apt  to  attack  the  wounds,  eventually 
killing  the  tree. 

The  European  varieties  of  linden  are  to  be  recommended  on 
account  of  the  perfect  symmetry  of  their  compact  crowns. 
They  thrive  admirably  in  this  climate. 

Ash  is  often  planted  as  a  street  tree,  but  its  tendency  to  fork 
and  to  become  straggling  makes  it  less  desirable  than  those 
already  mentioned. 

To  summarize  what  has  been  discussed  above,  we  make  the 
following 

RECOMMENDATIONS. 

1.  The  rigid  enforcement  of  those  city  ordinances  which  forbid  the 
bruising,  injuring,  or  destruction  of  trees,  and  the  fastening  of  animals 
to  trees  in  such  a  way  as  to  injure  them. 

2.  That  all  trees  standing  within  reach  of  horses  in  the  street  be 
protected  by  frames  or  wire  netting,  so  that  they  cannot  be  mutilated. 

3.  That  when  limbs  are  removed  from  trees,  greater  care  be  exer- 
cised to  cut  them  smoothly,  close  to,  and  even  with,  the  trunk  and  with- 
out tearing  the  trunk  bark.  The  exposed  wood  should  be  painted  with 
coal  tar, 

4.  That  the  stringing  of  electric  wires  be  done  only  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  Board  of  Public  Works,  and  that  this  supervision  be  paid 
for  by  the  company  doing  the  work. 

5.  That  when  trees  are  killed  by  gas  leakage  from  the  mains,  the 
owners  of  the  mains  be  required  to  pay  to  the  city  the  cost  of  the 
removal  of  the  trees  killed  and  of  planting  new  trees  in  their  places. 

6.  That  the  land  under  trees  in  the  city  parks  be  annually  dressed 
with  lime  and  with  odorless  fertilizer  of  the  composition  named,  at  a 
cost  of  from  $11.00  to  $12.00  per  acre. 

7.  That  on  new  streets,  when  the  building  line  is  far  enough  from 
the  street  line,  it  is  desirable  to  plant  just  in  front  of  the  property  line, 
rather  than  just  back  of  the  curb. 


30         CONNECTICUT    EXPERIMENT   STATION,    BULLETIN    131. 

8.  That  the  elm  trees  on  the  Green  and  other  interior  parks  of  the 
city  be  sprayed  regularly  for  a  few  years,  and  thereafter  as  seems 
necessary,  in  the  way  prescribed. 

For  this  purpose  the  city  should  buy  a  spraying  outfit  of  approved 
construction,  such  as  has  been  described,  costing  about  $500.00. 

9.  That  in  winter  systematic  search  be  made  in  all  belfries  and 
towers  of  public  buildings,  and  that  the  elm  leaf-beetles,  which  winter 
in  great  numbers  in  such  places,  be  gathered  up  and  destroyed. 

10.  We  also  recommend  the  permanent  employment  of  a  City 
Forester,  who  should  have  charge  of  the  trees  in  all  respects. 

^11.  That,  in  case  such  an  officer  be  employed,  the  city  have  a 
nursery  of  from  three  to  five  acres  at  Springside  Farm,  where  trees 
suitable  for  planting  on  the  streets  and  interior  parks  can  be  grown. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted, 

E.  H.  Jenkins,   Chairman, 
W.  E.  Britton, 
Henry  S.  Graves,  Secretary, 
Henry  T.  Blake. 


PLATE  t 


Fig.  i. — Tree  ruined  by  gnawing  of  horses.  Decay  started  from  the 
injury  and  only  a  shell  of  living  wood  remains  on  one  side  of  the 
tree.  This  tree  is  liable  to  be  broken  over  by  a  strong  wind  and  probably 
will  fall  upon  the  adjacent  building. 


«. 


Fig.  2. — Tree  injured  by  use  as  a  hitching  post. 


PLATE  It 


':iii§Hi 


■BHHswSBP" 


Fig.  3. — Trees  mutilated  in  laying  curb  and  gutter. 


Fig.  4. — Trunk  of  an  Elm  which  was  thrown  over  in  a  squall,  Oct.  15,  1900. 


PLATE  Til 


Fig.  5. — Decay  following  unskillful  pruning. 


Fig.  6. — The  Elm  Scale  on  Twigs. 


PLATE  IV 


Fig.  9. — Work  of  Elm  Borer. 
(After  Felt.) 


Fig.  7. — Adult  Maple  Borers. 
(After  Felt.) 


f7',f: 


Fig.  10.— Work  of  Maple  Borer  nearly  girdling  the  tree. 


PLATE  V 


Fig.  ii. — Damage  by  Maple  Borers  showing  tunnels  cut  spirally  around 

the  trunk. 


PLATE  VI 


Fig.  12. — Trees  set  near  the  property  line  away  from  the  curb. 


Fig.  13.— Damage  by  Borers,  following  unskillful  pruning. 


PLATE  VII 


.   •  :■,."■    ■ 


\ 


Fig.  14. — Hand  Spraying-Pump  in  Operation. 
(After  Felt.) 


PLATE  VIII 


PLATE  IX 


Fig.   16. — Fall   Canker  Worm  Moths.     Male  and  Female. 


Fig.  iy. — Elm  Leaf-Beetle. — a,  eggs ;  b,  larvae  ;  c,  adult ;  e,  eggs, 
enlarged;  f,  sculpture  of  eggs;  g,  larva,  enlarged:  h,  side  view  of 
greatly  enlarged  segment  of  larva ;  i,  dorsal  view  of  same ;  j,  pupa, 
enlarged;  k,  beetle,  enlarged;  /,  portion  of  elytron  of  beetle,  greatly 
enlarged.     (After  Riley.) 


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7  b  /  j    u  *  - 


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